C. Conte, V. Calco, S. Desset, P. Leblanc, B. Dastugue et al., Impact of multiple insertions of two retroelements, ZAM and Idefix at an euchromatic locus, Genetica, vol.109, issue.1/2, pp.53-62, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1026534207401

C. Conte, B. Dastugue, and C. Vaury, Coupling of Enhancer and Insulator Properties Identified in Two Retrotransposons Modulates Their Mutagenic Impact on Nearby Genes, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.22, issue.6
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.22.6.1767-1777.2002

D. Conte, . Jr, E. Barber, M. Banerjee, D. Garfinkel et al., Posttranslational Regulation of Ty1 Retrotransposition by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Fus3, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.18, issue.5, pp.2502-2515, 1998.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.18.5.2502

S. Daniels, K. Peterson, L. Strausbaugh, M. Kidwell, and A. Chovnick, Evidence for horizontal transmission of the P transposable element between Drosophila species, Genetics, vol.124, issue.2, pp.339-55, 1990.

P. Deininger and M. Batzer, SINE master genes and population biology

C. De-la-roche-saint-andre and J. Bregliano, Evidence for a multistep control in transposition of I factor in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, issue.4, pp.1481875-84, 1998.

J. Deragon and P. Capy, Impact of transposable elements on the human genome, Annals of Medicine, vol.89, issue.4
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8448

S. Desset, C. Conte, P. Dimitri, V. Calco, B. Dastugue et al., Mobilization of two retroelements, ZAM and Idefix

O. Dhellin, J. Maestre, and T. Heidmann, Functional differences between the human LINE retrotransposon and retroviral reverse transcriptases for in vivo mRNA reverse transcription

P. Dimitri and N. Junakovic, Revising the selfish DNA hypothesis: new evidence on accumulation of transposable elements in heterochromatin, Trends in Genetics, vol.15, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01711-4

A. Dominguez and J. Albornoz, Rates of movement of transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster

K. Dulai, M. Von-dornum, J. Mollon, and D. Hunt, The evolution of trichromatic color vision by opsin gene duplication in New World and Old World primates

A. Dupressoir and T. Heidmann, Germ line-specific expression of intracisternal A-particle retrotransposons in transgenic mice., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.164495-503, 1996.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.16.8.4495

S. Eden and H. Cedar, Role of DNA methylation in the regulation of transcription, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.4, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80052-8

M. Eiden, K. Farrell, J. Warsowe, L. Mahan, and C. Wilson, Characterization of a naturally occurring ecotropic receptor that does not facilitate entry of all ecotropic murine retroviruses

S. Emmons, L. Yesner, K. Ruan, D. Katzenberg, D. Berg et al., Evidence for a transposon in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell 92-Engels WR. P elements in Drosophila, mobile DNA, pp.3255-65, 1983.

W. Engels, D. Johnson-schlitz, W. Eggleston, and J. Sved, High-frequency P element loss in Drosophila is homolog dependent, Cell, vol.62, issue.3, pp.62515-62540, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90016-8

C. Esnault, J. Maestre, and T. Heidmann, Human LINE retrotransposons generate processed pseudogenes

J. Jurka, Sequence patterns indicate an enzymatic involvement in integration of mammalian retroposons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.13
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.13.6064

J. Moore and J. Haber, Capture of retrotransposon DNA at the sites of chromosomal double-strand breaks, Nature, vol.383, issue.6601, pp.383644-383650, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/383644a0

J. Moran, S. Holmes, T. Naas, R. Deberardinis, J. Boeke et al., High Frequency Retrotransposition in Cultured Mammalian Cells, Cell, vol.87, issue.5, pp.917-944, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81998-4

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81998-4

H. Morgan, H. Sutherland, D. Martin, and E. Whitelaw, Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse

M. Blot, W. Fitch, and W. Arber, Arabidopsis SGS2 and SGS3 genes are required for posttranscriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance Dynamics of IS-related genetic rearrangements in resting Escherichia coli K-12, Cell, vol.101, issue.5, pp.533-575, 2000.

T. Blot, M. Fitch, W. Arber, and W. , Insertion sequence-related genetic variation in resting Escherichia coli K-12, Mol Biol Evol Genetics, issue.23, pp.12198-207, 1994.

M. Genomenakamura, T. Cech, and T. , Reversing time: origin of telomerase, Cell, vol.6, issue.25, pp.131-134, 1995.

J. Norris, D. Fan, C. Aleman, J. Marks, P. Futreal et al., Identification of a new subclass of Alu DNA repeats which can function as estrogen receptor-dependent transcriptional enhancers

O. Hare, K. Driver, A. Mcgrath, S. Johnson-schiltz, and D. , Distribution and structure of cloned P elements from the Drosophila melanogaster P strain pi2

K. Hare, G. K. Rubin, and N. Okada, Structures of P transposable elements and their sites of insertion and excision in the Drosophila melanogaster genome, Genet Res Cell, vol.34, issue.11, pp.6033-6074, 1983.

O. Neill, R. , O. Neill, M. Graves, and J. , Undermethylation associated with retroelement activation and chromosome remodelling in an interspecific mammalian hybrid, Nature, issue.6680, pp.39368-72, 1998.

N. Okada, M. Hamada, I. Ogiwara, and K. Ohshima, SINEs and LINEs share common 3??? sequences: a review, Gene, vol.205, issue.1-2
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00409-5

S. Ottolenghi and B. Giglioni, The deletion in a type of delta 0-beta 0-thalassaemia begins in an inverted AluI repeat, Nature, vol.1982, issue.5894, pp.300770-300771

D. Papadopoulos, D. Schneider, J. Meier-eiss, W. Arber, R. Lenski et al., Genomic evolution during a 10,000-generation experiment with bacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.143, issue.1
DOI : 10.2307/2411190

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3807.full.pdf

M. Pardue, O. Danilevskaya, K. Lowenhaupt, F. Slot, and K. Traverse, Drosophila telomeres: new views on chromosome evolution, Trends in Genetics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.1248-52, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9525(96)81399-0

N. Paricio, M. Perez-alonso, M. Martinez-sebastian, and R. De-frutos, P sequences of Drosophila subobscura lack exon 3 and may encode a 66 kd repressor-like protein, Nucleic Acids Res, issue.24, pp.196713-196721, 1991.

L. Payne, P. Pani, and R. Weiss, A Dominant Epistatic Gene which Inhibits Cellular Susceptibility to RSV(RAV-O), Journal of General Virology, vol.13, issue.3
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-13-3-455

URL : http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/deliver/fulltext/jgv/13/3/JV0130030455.pdf?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-13-3-455&mimeType=pdf&isFastTrackArticle=

J. Virol, M. Bender, and W. , Sequences of the gypsy transposon of Drosophila necessary for its effects on adjacent genes, pp.13455-62, 1971.

C. Preston and W. Engels, Spread of P Transposable Elements in Inbred Lines of Drosophila melanogaster
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60162-2

M. Pritchard, J. Dura, A. Pelisson, A. Bucheton, and D. Finnegan, A cloned I-factor is fully functional in Drosophila melanogaster, MGG Molecular & General Genetics, vol.37, issue.3
DOI : 10.1007/BF00330491

. Flamenco, a gene controlling the gypsy retrovirus of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, issue.2, pp.139697-711, 1995.

K. Rasmusson, J. Raymond, and M. Simmons, Repression of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster by individual naturally occurring P elements, Genetics, issue.3, pp.133605-133627, 1993.

D. Rio, F. Laski, and G. Rubin, Identification and immunochemical analysis of biologically active Drosophila P element transposase, Cell, vol.44, issue.1, pp.21-32, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90481-2

. Thèse, Génétique cellulaire et moléculaire, 2000.

V. Robert, N. Prud-'homme, A. Kim, A. Bucheton, and A. Pelisson, Références bibliographiques <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< -183 - Characterization of the flamenco Region of the Drosophila melanogaster, Genome. Genetics, vol.158, issue.2, pp.701-714, 2001.

K. Golic, 285-Rogers MF Oncogene chromosome breakpoints and alu sequences, Genes Dev. Nature, vol.1995, issue.910, pp.1278-88, 1985.

S. Ronsseray, M. Lehmann, and D. Anxolabehere, Copy number and distribution of P and I mobile elements in Drosophila melanogaster populations, Chromosoma, vol.60, issue.3, pp.98207-98221, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00329685

S. Ronsseray, L. Marin, M. Lehmann, and D. Anxolabehere, Repression of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster by combinations of telomeric P-element reporters and naturally occurring P elements, Genetics, issue.4, pp.1491857-66, 1998.

G. Rubin and A. Spradling, hybrid dysgenesis: the nature of induced mutations 294-Rubin GM, Spradling AC. Vectors for P element-mediated gene transfer in Drosophila Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors, Cell. Nucleic Acids Res Science, vol.295, issue.3184570, pp.29987-94, 1982.

K. Saigo, W. Kugimiya, Y. Matsuo, S. Inouye, K. Yoshioka et al., Identification of the coding sequence for a reverse transcriptase-like enzyme in a transposable genetic element in Drosophila melanogaster, Nature, vol.80, issue.5995, pp.312659-61, 1984.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1981.045.01.100

P. Sanmiguel, A. Tikhonov, Y. Jin, N. Motchoulskaia, D. Zakharov et al., Nested Retrotransposons in the Intergenic Regions of the Maize Genome, Science, vol.274, issue.5288, pp.274765-274773, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5288.765

E. Sarot, G. Payen-groschene, and A. Bucheton, Pélisson A Recherche de séquences de l'élément gypsy impliqués dans la régulation par le gène flamenco

«. Xème-colloque, J. Éléments-transposables, D. Chang, and R. Maraia, The decline in human Alu retroposition was accompanied by an asymmetric decrease in SRP9, p.300, 2001.

N. Genet, 302-Schmid CW Does SINE evolution preclude Alu function?, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.20, issue.1, pp.1637-1680, 1997.

A. Scott, B. Schmeckpeper, M. Abdelrazik, C. Comey, O. Hara et al., Origin of the human L1 elements: Proposed progenitor genes deduced from a consensus DNA sequence, Genomics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.1113-1138, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0888-7543(87)90003-6

F. Sheen, J. Lim, and M. Simmons, Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by hobo transposable elements, Genetics, issue.2, pp.133315-133349, 1993.

M. Simmen, S. Leitgeb, J. Charlton, S. Jones, B. Harris et al., Nonmethylated Transposable Elements and Methylated Genes in a Chordate Genome, Science, vol.283, issue.5405, pp.2831164-2831171, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5405.1164

M. Simmons, J. Raymond, K. Rasmusson, L. Miller, C. Mclarnon et al., Repression of P element-mediated hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster 308-Singer MF. SINEs and LINEs: highly repeated short and long interspersed sequences in mammalian genomes, AF, Riggs AD. Tiggers and DNA transposon fossils in the human genome, pp.663-76, 1990.

H. Tabara, M. Sarkissian, W. Kelly, J. Fleenor, A. Grishok et al., Mello The rde-1 gene, RNA interference, and transposon silencing in C. elegans. Cell, pp.123-155, 1999.

C. Tschudi, Human 7SL RNA consists of a 140 nucleotide middle-repetitive sequence inserted in an alu sequence, Cell, vol.29, issue.1, pp.195-202, 1982.

M. Varagona, M. Purugganan, and S. Wessler, Alternative splicing induced by insertion of retrotransposons into the maize waxy gene, Plant Cell, vol.1992, issue.47, pp.811-831

C. R. Acad and . Sci, Paris 1994 : 317-310-323 340-Vaucheret H. Identification of a general silencer for 19s and 35S promoters in a transgenic tobacco plant : 90 pb of homology in the promoter sequence are sufficient for a trans-inactivation

V. Ed-russo, R. Martinssen, and A. Riggs, Analysis of tobacco transgene locus that triggers both transcriptional and posttranscritptional silencing In epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation Cold Spring Harbor, NY. 342-Vaury C, Bucheton A, Pelisson A. The beta heterochromatic sequences flanking the I elements are themselves defective transposable elements, Chromosoma, issue.3, pp.98215-98239, 1989.

C. Vicient, A. Suoniemi, K. Anamthawat-jonsson, J. Tanskanen, A. Beharav et al., Retrotransposon BARE-1 and Its Role in Genome Evolution in the Genus Hordeum, Plant Cell, issue.9, pp.111769-1784, 1999.

C. Vieira-heddi, C. Arpin, C. Nardon, and C. Biémont, Evolution de la taille du génome chez la drosophile. La part des éléments transposables. X ème colloque « éléments transposables, 2001.

C. Walsh, J. Chaillet, and T. Bestor, Transcription of IAP endogenous retroviruses is constrained by cytosine methylation

. Foamy-retroviruses, A virus in search of a disease(6173):497-8. 351-Wessler SR. The splicing of maize transposable elements from pre-mRNA--a minireview, Nature, p.333, 1988.

F. Wianny and M. Zernicka-goetz, Specific interference with gene function by double-stranded RNA in early mouse development, Nature Cell Biology, vol.126, issue.2, pp.70-75, 1992.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5395

A. Wolffe and M. Matzke, Epigenetics: Regulation Through Repression, Science, vol.286, issue.5439, pp.286481-286487, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5439.481

. Dong and . Non, long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposable element from Bombyx mori):1318. 358-Xiong Y, Eickbush TH. Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.21, issue.5, 1993.

J. Yang, H. Malik, and T. Eickbush, Identification of the endonuclease domain encoded by R2 and other site-specific, non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable elements, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.21, issue.22
DOI : 10.1093/nar/21.22.4991

G. Yannopoulos, N. Stamatis, M. Monastirioti, P. Hatzopoulos, and C. Louis, hobo is responsible for the induction of hybrid dysgenesis by strains of Drosophila melanogaster bearing the male recombination factor 23, 5MRF. Cell, issue.4, pp.49487-95, 1987.

J. Young, P. Bates, K. Willert, and H. Varmus, Efficient incorporation of human CD4 protein into avian leukosis virus particles, Science, vol.250, issue.4986, pp.2501421-2501424, 1990.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2175047

I. Yulug, A. Yulug, and E. Fisher, The Frequency and Position of Alu Repeats in cDNAs, as Determined by Database Searching, Genomics, vol.27, issue.3, pp.27544-27552, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/geno.1995.1090